Derechos e inclusión en Panamá

Derechos e inclusión en Panamá

En Panamá, la inclusión de personas con discapacidad ha sido un tema de creciente atención y desarrollo en los últimos años. El país cuenta con leyes y políticas destinadas a promover la igualdad de oportunidades y la no discriminación de las personas con discapacidad. Algunas de estas iniciativas incluyen:

  1. Ley 3 de 1997: Esta ley establece los derechos de las personas con discapacidad y promueve su inclusión en diferentes áreas, como la educación, el empleo y la salud.
  • Políticas de empleo: Hay programas que fomentan la inclusión laboral de personas con discapacidad, incentivando a las empresas a contratar a estos individuos.
  • Accesibilidad: La ley exige adecuaciones para que los espacios públicos y privados sean accesibles para personas con movilidad reducida.

4.Educación inclusiva: Se han hecho esfuerzos para integrar a estudiantes con discapacidad en el sistema educativo regular, aunque la implementación aún enfrenta desafíos.

Sin embargo, a pesar de estas leyes y políticas, la realidad en la práctica puede variar. Muchos aún enfrentan barreras significativas, ya sean físicas, sociales o culturales. La conciencia y la actitud de la sociedad hacia las personas con discapacidad también son factores cruciales para su inclusión efectiva.

Existen diversas organizaciones y grupos que trabajan para promover los derechos y la inclusión de las personas con discapacidad en Panamá, y es un tema en evolución. La situación sigue mejorando, pero hay un largo camino por recorrer para alcanzar una inclusión plena y efectiva.

Escasez de agua en Panamá

Escasez de agua en Panamá

La situación que se vive en Panamá, donde un recurso tan vital como el agua dulce se utiliza en gran medida para el beneficio global mientras la población local enfrenta escasez, plantea serias preocupaciones sobre la equidad en el acceso a los recursos básicos. La escasez de agua potable puede ser vista como una violación de los derechos humanos, dado que el acceso al agua limpia y segura es un derecho fundamental reconocido por las Naciones Unidas.

Así está establecido en el Artículo 25 de la Declaración Universal de los Derechos Humanos:

“Artículo 25

1. Toda persona tiene derecho a un nivel de vida adecuado que le asegure, así como a su familia, la salud y el bienestar, y en especial la alimentación,…”

El concepto de “crimen de lesa humanidad” se refiere a actos susceptibles de ser considerados graves violaciones de derechos humanos, pero generalmente se aplica a situaciones de violencia extrema, como genocidio, tortura, esclavitud, entre otros. Sin embargo, la falta de acceso adecuado a recursos esenciales como el agua puede ser considerada una violación sistemática de derechos humanos si se encuentra en el contexto de políticas públicas que priorizan intereses externos sobre el bienestar de la población local.

En este caso específico, la situación podría calificarse como una injusticia social grave y un problema de gobernanza. La comunidad internacional y los organismos de derechos humanos podrían exhortar al gobierno panameño a abordar esta disparidad y garantizar un acceso equitativo al agua para todos los ciudadanos. Es fundamental que se busquen soluciones sostenibles y justas que prioricen las necesidades de la población local frente a los intereses comerciales globales.

Negligencia médica Error involuntario u homicidio culposo

Negligencia médica: ¿Error involuntario u homicidio culposo?

La negligencia medica pasa a penalizarse como homicidio culposo, cuando hay inobservancia del deber de cuidado por parte del médico, en determinado caso. Al respecto el Código Penal señala que: “El que por culpa cause la muerte de otro incurrirá en prisión de 6 meses a 2 años e interdicción hasta por 2 años del ejercicio del arte, profesión u oficio por medio de los cuales se ocasionó la muerte”.

El pediatra y neonatólogo Iván Sierra Robles, exjefe del servicio de Neonatología del Complejo Hospitalario Dr. Arnulfo Arias Madrid de la Caja de Seguro Social (CSS), fue condenado a cinco años de prisión junto a la farmacéutica Melia Mebis Mock Sevillano por un trágico caso que resultó en la muerte de nueve neonatos y dejó a cuatro sobrevivientes con graves secuelas. Sierra Robles relata que el 11 de junio de 2013, los pacientes, que estaban estables, comenzaron a descompensarse de manera repentina, presentando problemas como inestabilidad hemodinámica y trastornos de coagulación, lo que llevó a múltiples transfusiones de sangre. A pesar de la gravedad de la situación, los cuatro sobrevivientes mostraron signos de mejoría una semana después.

El médico se enteró de que el evento estaba relacionado con la nutrición parenteral total, tras ser informado por la enfermera jefa de sala sobre el uso de todos los ventiladores y los fallecimientos de pacientes previamente estables. Esto llevó a una investigación sobre posibles causas infecciosas, ya que el hospital lidiaba con problemas de la bacteria KPC. Sin embargo, la enfermera sugirió que solo los pacientes con nutrición parenteral se habían complicado, lo que llevó a la decisión de suspender dicha nutrición.

Las autoridades de la CSS consideraron dos hipótesis: la infecciosa y la tóxica. La primera fue descartada tras obtener cultivos negativos, mientras que la hipótesis tóxica ganó relevancia cuando se sugirió una posible intoxicación por alcohol bencílico. Al revisar los medicamentos, se descubrió que las heparinas utilizadas contenían este compuesto. Sierra Robles defendió el uso de heparina en neonatos, ya que era común en ese momento, aunque se desconocía por qué solo en la CSS se presentaron complicaciones.

El exdirector del Instituto Especializado de Análisis de la Universidad de Panamá, Vasko Duque, indicó que no se conoce la concentración exacta de alcohol bencílico que puede ser tóxica, lo que complica la identificación de un causante directo de las muertes. Aunque se recomendó evitar el uso de heparina con alcohol bencílico en neonatos, no se pudo determinar si algún medicamento específico fue el responsable de las complicaciones

 Tras el fallo de la Corte Suprema de Justicia el médico tiene derecho a pedir una revisión del caso, posteriormente si no resulta a su favor, puede acudir al juez de cumplimiento y solicitar que se le reemplace la pena por trabajo comunitario.

En medio de la polémica por la condena de cinco años de cárcel para el neonatólogo Iván Sierra Robles debido a la muerte de un grupo de neonatos en 2013, el diputado Ernesto Cedeño, ha enviado una carta al actual director de la Caja de Seguro Social (CSS), Enrique Lau Cortés, quien dejará su cargo el próximo 30 de septiembre, haciendo siete (7) grandes interrogantes, las cuales fueron leidasen el pleno de la Asamblea Nacional, a saber:

1.¿Cuál es el modelo que se ha implementado en la CSS para la vigilancia permanente a lo largo de la cadena de atención de los pacientes?

2.¿Cuánto recurso económico ha destinado la CSS a la calidad y seguridad de los pacientes?

3.¿La administración de la heparina con alcohol bencílico se dio solo en el pasado, durante los hechos que llevaron a la reciente condena de Sierra Robles?

4.¿La Dirección de Farmacia y Drogas del Ministerio de Salud advirtió a la CSS sobre la alerta existente respecto a la heparina con alcohol bencílico en neonatos?

5.¿Qué medidas está ejecutando la CSS para mejorar la atención de los asegurados?

6.¿La CSS no piensa ayudar económicamente a los familiares de los niños sobrevivientes?

7.¿La CSS ha sugerido al Gobierno una compensación para los padres de los niños fallecidos?

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Facturación electrónica y profesiones liberales

La Corte Suprema de Justicia de Panamá ha declarado inconstitucional la obligación de emitir facturas electrónicas para profesionales liberales, artesanos y artistas. Esta decisión se basa en una demanda presentada por el Colegio Nacional de Abogados, argumentando que dicha obligación viola el derecho a la libre profesión establecido en la Constitución.

La acción de inconstitucionalidad se presentó contra el numeral 5 del parágrafo tercero del articulo 2 de la Ley No.256 de 26 de noviembre de 2021, “Los servicios prestados en ejercicio de profesiones liberales, artesanales y artísticas, en forma independiente o a través de sociedades civiles”; y, contra la frase “prestación de servicios contenida en el párrafo tercero del artículo 1, así como el primer párrafo del parágrafo primero del mismo artículo también de la Ley No.256 de 26 de noviembre de 2021 “Que modifica artículos de la Ley 76 de 1976 sobre medidas tributarias”.

Argumentos principales de la sentencia:

Afectación a la libertad de profesión: La obligación de emitir facturas electrónicas implica una carga administrativa adicional que afecta significativamente la libertad de ejercer una profesión liberal, oficio o arte.

Trato diferenciado: Los profesionales liberales tienen características particulares en sus operaciones económicas que los diferencian de los comerciantes, por lo que no deben estar sujetos a las mismas formalidades y rigores.

Falta de razonabilidad: Aunque el objetivo de la medida es evitar la evasión fiscal, existen otros mecanismos legales y reglamentarios para lograrlo sin afectar la libertad de profesión.

Consecuencia de la sentencia:

Exención de la facturación electrónica: Los profesionales liberales, artesanos y artistas quedan exentos de la obligación de emitir facturas electrónicas, al menos por el momento.

Protección del derecho constitucional: La Corte Suprema ha reafirmado el derecho constitucional a la libre profesión y ha limitado el alcance de las regulaciones tributarias cuando estas afectan de manera desproporcionada este derecho.

En resumen, la sentencia es una victoria para los profesionales liberales en Panamá, quienes ahora cuentan con una mayor protección de sus derechos constitucionales. Sin embargo, es importante destacar que esta decisión se limita al caso específico de la facturación electrónica y no implica una exención total de obligaciones tributarias para este grupo.

demo-attachment-550-business-people-in-creative-office-consulting-a-P48WVT9

What we are capable of usually gets discovered.

When, while the lovely valley teems with vapor around me, and the meridian sun strikes the upper surface of the impenetrable foliage of my trees, and but a few stray gleams steal into the inner sanctuary, I throw myself down among the tall grass by the trickling stream; and, as I lie close to the earth, a thousand unknown plants are noticed by me: when I hear the buzz of the little world among the stalks, and grow familiar with the countless indescribable forms of the insects and flies, then I feel the presence of the Almighty, who formed us in his own image, and the breath of that universal love which bears and sustains us, as it floats around us in an eternity of bliss; and then, my friend, when darkness overspreads my eyes, and heaven and earth seem to dwell in my soul and absorb its power, like the form of a beloved mistress, then I often think with longing, Oh, would I could describe these conceptions, could impress upon paper all that is living so full and warm within me, that it might be the mirror of my soul, as my soul is the mirror of the infinite God!

O my friend — but it is too much for my strength — I sink under the weight of the splendor of these visions! A wonderful serenity has taken possession of my entire soul, like these sweet mornings of spring which I enjoy with my whole heart. I am alone, and feel the charm of existence in this spot, which was created for the bliss of souls like mine.

I am so happy, my dear friend, so absorbed in the exquisite sense of mere tranquil existence, that I neglect my talents. I should be incapable of drawing a single stroke at the present moment; and yet I feel that I never was a greater artist than now.

When, while the lovely valley teems with vapor around me, and the meridian sun strikes the upper surface of the impenetrable foliage of my trees, and but a few stray gleams steal into the inner sanctuary, I throw myself down among the tall grass by the trickling stream; and, as I lie close to the earth, a thousand unknown plants are noticed by me: when I hear the buzz of the little world among the stalks, and grow familiar with the countless indescribable forms of the insects and flies, then I feel the presence of the Almighty, who formed us in his own image, and the breath of that universal love which bears and sustains us, as it floats around us in an eternity of bliss; and then, my friend, when darkness overspreads my eyes, and heaven and earth seem to dwell in my soul and absorb its power, like the form of a beloved mistress, then I often think with longing, Oh, would I could describe these conceptions, could impress upon paper all that is living so full and warm within me.

demo-attachment-551-business-people-in-the-office-making-a-phone-call-PQZTHDY

What we are capable of usually gets discovered.

When, while the lovely valley teems with vapor around me, and the meridian sun strikes the upper surface of the impenetrable foliage of my trees, and but a few stray gleams steal into the inner sanctuary, I throw myself down among the tall grass by the trickling stream; and, as I lie close to the earth, a thousand unknown plants are noticed by me: when I hear the buzz of the little world among the stalks, and grow familiar with the countless indescribable forms of the insects and flies, then I feel the presence of the Almighty, who formed us in his own image, and the breath of that universal love which bears and sustains us, as it floats around us in an eternity of bliss; and then, my friend, when darkness overspreads my eyes, and heaven and earth seem to dwell in my soul and absorb its power, like the form of a beloved mistress, then I often think with longing, Oh, would I could describe these conceptions, could impress upon paper all that is living so full and warm within me, that it might be the mirror of my soul, as my soul is the mirror of the infinite God!

O my friend — but it is too much for my strength — I sink under the weight of the splendor of these visions! A wonderful serenity has taken possession of my entire soul, like these sweet mornings of spring which I enjoy with my whole heart. I am alone, and feel the charm of existence in this spot, which was created for the bliss of souls like mine.

I am so happy, my dear friend, so absorbed in the exquisite sense of mere tranquil existence, that I neglect my talents. I should be incapable of drawing a single stroke at the present moment; and yet I feel that I never was a greater artist than now.

When, while the lovely valley teems with vapor around me, and the meridian sun strikes the upper surface of the impenetrable foliage of my trees, and but a few stray gleams steal into the inner sanctuary, I throw myself down among the tall grass by the trickling stream; and, as I lie close to the earth, a thousand unknown plants are noticed by me: when I hear the buzz of the little world among the stalks, and grow familiar with the countless indescribable forms of the insects and flies, then I feel the presence of the Almighty, who formed us in his own image, and the breath of that universal love which bears and sustains us, as it floats around us in an eternity of bliss; and then, my friend, when darkness overspreads my eyes, and heaven and earth seem to dwell in my soul and absorb its power, like the form of a beloved mistress, then I often think with longing, Oh, would I could describe these conceptions, could impress upon paper all that is living so full and warm within me.

demo-attachment-552-claire-anderson-60670-unsplash

What we are capable of usually gets discovered.

When, while the lovely valley teems with vapor around me, and the meridian sun strikes the upper surface of the impenetrable foliage of my trees, and but a few stray gleams steal into the inner sanctuary, I throw myself down among the tall grass by the trickling stream; and, as I lie close to the earth, a thousand unknown plants are noticed by me: when I hear the buzz of the little world among the stalks, and grow familiar with the countless indescribable forms of the insects and flies, then I feel the presence of the Almighty, who formed us in his own image, and the breath of that universal love which bears and sustains us, as it floats around us in an eternity of bliss; and then, my friend, when darkness overspreads my eyes, and heaven and earth seem to dwell in my soul and absorb its power, like the form of a beloved mistress, then I often think with longing, Oh, would I could describe these conceptions, could impress upon paper all that is living so full and warm within me, that it might be the mirror of my soul, as my soul is the mirror of the infinite God!

O my friend — but it is too much for my strength — I sink under the weight of the splendor of these visions! A wonderful serenity has taken possession of my entire soul, like these sweet mornings of spring which I enjoy with my whole heart. I am alone, and feel the charm of existence in this spot, which was created for the bliss of souls like mine.

I am so happy, my dear friend, so absorbed in the exquisite sense of mere tranquil existence, that I neglect my talents. I should be incapable of drawing a single stroke at the present moment; and yet I feel that I never was a greater artist than now.

When, while the lovely valley teems with vapor around me, and the meridian sun strikes the upper surface of the impenetrable foliage of my trees, and but a few stray gleams steal into the inner sanctuary, I throw myself down among the tall grass by the trickling stream; and, as I lie close to the earth, a thousand unknown plants are noticed by me: when I hear the buzz of the little world among the stalks, and grow familiar with the countless indescribable forms of the insects and flies, then I feel the presence of the Almighty, who formed us in his own image, and the breath of that universal love which bears and sustains us, as it floats around us in an eternity of bliss; and then, my friend, when darkness overspreads my eyes, and heaven and earth seem to dwell in my soul and absorb its power, like the form of a beloved mistress, then I often think with longing, Oh, would I could describe these conceptions, could impress upon paper all that is living so full and warm within me.

demo-attachment-553-history-in-hd-1142818-unsplash

What we are capable of usually gets discovered.

When, while the lovely valley teems with vapor around me, and the meridian sun strikes the upper surface of the impenetrable foliage of my trees, and but a few stray gleams steal into the inner sanctuary, I throw myself down among the tall grass by the trickling stream; and, as I lie close to the earth, a thousand unknown plants are noticed by me: when I hear the buzz of the little world among the stalks, and grow familiar with the countless indescribable forms of the insects and flies, then I feel the presence of the Almighty, who formed us in his own image, and the breath of that universal love which bears and sustains us, as it floats around us in an eternity of bliss; and then, my friend, when darkness overspreads my eyes, and heaven and earth seem to dwell in my soul and absorb its power, like the form of a beloved mistress, then I often think with longing, Oh, would I could describe these conceptions, could impress upon paper all that is living so full and warm within me, that it might be the mirror of my soul, as my soul is the mirror of the infinite God!

O my friend — but it is too much for my strength — I sink under the weight of the splendor of these visions! A wonderful serenity has taken possession of my entire soul, like these sweet mornings of spring which I enjoy with my whole heart. I am alone, and feel the charm of existence in this spot, which was created for the bliss of souls like mine.

I am so happy, my dear friend, so absorbed in the exquisite sense of mere tranquil existence, that I neglect my talents. I should be incapable of drawing a single stroke at the present moment; and yet I feel that I never was a greater artist than now.

When, while the lovely valley teems with vapor around me, and the meridian sun strikes the upper surface of the impenetrable foliage of my trees, and but a few stray gleams steal into the inner sanctuary, I throw myself down among the tall grass by the trickling stream; and, as I lie close to the earth, a thousand unknown plants are noticed by me: when I hear the buzz of the little world among the stalks, and grow familiar with the countless indescribable forms of the insects and flies, then I feel the presence of the Almighty, who formed us in his own image, and the breath of that universal love which bears and sustains us, as it floats around us in an eternity of bliss; and then, my friend, when darkness overspreads my eyes, and heaven and earth seem to dwell in my soul and absorb its power, like the form of a beloved mistress, then I often think with longing, Oh, would I could describe these conceptions, could impress upon paper all that is living so full and warm within me.

demo-attachment-554-maria-teneva-1407022-unsplash

What we are capable of usually gets discovered.

When, while the lovely valley teems with vapor around me, and the meridian sun strikes the upper surface of the impenetrable foliage of my trees, and but a few stray gleams steal into the inner sanctuary, I throw myself down among the tall grass by the trickling stream; and, as I lie close to the earth, a thousand unknown plants are noticed by me: when I hear the buzz of the little world among the stalks, and grow familiar with the countless indescribable forms of the insects and flies, then I feel the presence of the Almighty, who formed us in his own image, and the breath of that universal love which bears and sustains us, as it floats around us in an eternity of bliss; and then, my friend, when darkness overspreads my eyes, and heaven and earth seem to dwell in my soul and absorb its power, like the form of a beloved mistress, then I often think with longing, Oh, would I could describe these conceptions, could impress upon paper all that is living so full and warm within me, that it might be the mirror of my soul, as my soul is the mirror of the infinite God!

O my friend — but it is too much for my strength — I sink under the weight of the splendor of these visions! A wonderful serenity has taken possession of my entire soul, like these sweet mornings of spring which I enjoy with my whole heart. I am alone, and feel the charm of existence in this spot, which was created for the bliss of souls like mine.

I am so happy, my dear friend, so absorbed in the exquisite sense of mere tranquil existence, that I neglect my talents. I should be incapable of drawing a single stroke at the present moment; and yet I feel that I never was a greater artist than now.

When, while the lovely valley teems with vapor around me, and the meridian sun strikes the upper surface of the impenetrable foliage of my trees, and but a few stray gleams steal into the inner sanctuary, I throw myself down among the tall grass by the trickling stream; and, as I lie close to the earth, a thousand unknown plants are noticed by me: when I hear the buzz of the little world among the stalks, and grow familiar with the countless indescribable forms of the insects and flies, then I feel the presence of the Almighty, who formed us in his own image, and the breath of that universal love which bears and sustains us, as it floats around us in an eternity of bliss; and then, my friend, when darkness overspreads my eyes, and heaven and earth seem to dwell in my soul and absorb its power, like the form of a beloved mistress, then I often think with longing, Oh, would I could describe these conceptions, could impress upon paper all that is living so full and warm within me.

demo-attachment-555-melinda-gimpel-687600-unsplash

What we are capable of usually gets discovered.

When, while the lovely valley teems with vapor around me, and the meridian sun strikes the upper surface of the impenetrable foliage of my trees, and but a few stray gleams steal into the inner sanctuary, I throw myself down among the tall grass by the trickling stream; and, as I lie close to the earth, a thousand unknown plants are noticed by me: when I hear the buzz of the little world among the stalks, and grow familiar with the countless indescribable forms of the insects and flies, then I feel the presence of the Almighty, who formed us in his own image, and the breath of that universal love which bears and sustains us, as it floats around us in an eternity of bliss; and then, my friend, when darkness overspreads my eyes, and heaven and earth seem to dwell in my soul and absorb its power, like the form of a beloved mistress, then I often think with longing, Oh, would I could describe these conceptions, could impress upon paper all that is living so full and warm within me, that it might be the mirror of my soul, as my soul is the mirror of the infinite God!

O my friend — but it is too much for my strength — I sink under the weight of the splendor of these visions! A wonderful serenity has taken possession of my entire soul, like these sweet mornings of spring which I enjoy with my whole heart. I am alone, and feel the charm of existence in this spot, which was created for the bliss of souls like mine.

I am so happy, my dear friend, so absorbed in the exquisite sense of mere tranquil existence, that I neglect my talents. I should be incapable of drawing a single stroke at the present moment; and yet I feel that I never was a greater artist than now.

When, while the lovely valley teems with vapor around me, and the meridian sun strikes the upper surface of the impenetrable foliage of my trees, and but a few stray gleams steal into the inner sanctuary, I throw myself down among the tall grass by the trickling stream; and, as I lie close to the earth, a thousand unknown plants are noticed by me: when I hear the buzz of the little world among the stalks, and grow familiar with the countless indescribable forms of the insects and flies, then I feel the presence of the Almighty, who formed us in his own image, and the breath of that universal love which bears and sustains us, as it floats around us in an eternity of bliss; and then, my friend, when darkness overspreads my eyes, and heaven and earth seem to dwell in my soul and absorb its power, like the form of a beloved mistress, then I often think with longing, Oh, would I could describe these conceptions, could impress upon paper all that is living so full and warm within me.